Pages

Showing posts with label Justice Tom Clark. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Justice Tom Clark. Show all posts

Tuesday, June 17, 2014

WATERGATE BREAK-IN

WATERGATE BREAK-IN WAS 42 YEARS AGO 

Washington, D.C. (JFK+50) The Democratic National Committee Headquarters in the Watergate Hotel was burglarized here in the Nation's Capital 42 years ago today, June 17, 1972.

Five intruders were arrested.  They included...

James McCord
Frank Sturgis
Bernard Barker
Virgilio Gonzalez 
Eugenio Martinez.

James McCord was the security chief for President Richard M. Nixon's Committee to Re-elect the President or CREEP.

Three of the five burglars were Cuban exiles and one was a Cuban-American.

The Constitution Daily writes...

"The burglars used tape to hold open the latches on door locks at the DNC office.  A sharp-eyed guard, Frank Wills, saw the tape and called police."

The reason for the break-in was to assure President Nixon's re-election in 1972 by collecting information to sabotage the Democratic presidential campaign.

Ron Zeigler, President Nixon's press secretary, referred to the incident on June 19, 1972 as a "third-rate burglary."

As a result of the investigation by the Senate Select Committee on Watergate, President Nixon was forced to resign on August 9, 1974.




Watergate Security Guard's Notes
June 17, 1962

SOURCE

"10 fascinating facts about Watergate 42 years later," The Constitution Daily, www.blog.constitutioncenter.org/



COURT RULES BIBLE READING IN SCHOOLS UNCONSTITUTIONAL

Washington, D.C. (JFK+50) The United States Supreme Court ruled 51 years ago today, June 17, 1963, that school sponsored Bible reading is unconstitutional.

The ruling came in the case of Abington* School District v. Schempp which challenged Bible reading over the school intercom as a violation of 1st amendment rights.

The vote on the high court was 8 to 1.

Justice Tom Clark wrote in regard to religious freedom....

"It has long been recognized that government must be neutral and while protecting all, must prefer none and disparage none."

*Abington is located in the state of Pennsylvania.



Justice Tom C. Clark
Photo by Frank Wolfe (1967)
LBJ Library

In response to the 1962 Supreme Court ruling that prayer in schools is unconstitutional, President John F. Kennedy was asked the following question at a news conference of June 27, 1962:

In the furor over the Supreme Court decision on prayer in schools....can you give us your opinion?

The President responded:

"I think...that we (should) support Supreme Court decisions even when we may not agree with them. 

 In addition, we have....a very easy remedy, and that is to pray a good deal more at home....and....make the true meaning of prayer much more important in the lives of all of our children."



Monday, June 17, 2013

BIBLE READING IN SCHOOLS RULED UNCONSTITUTIONAL 50 YEARS AGO TODAY

June 17, 2013

SCHOOL BIBLE READING RULED UNCONSTITUTIONAL 50 YEARS AGO TODAY

The United States Supreme Court ruled 50 years ago today, June 17, 1963, that school sponsored Bible reading is unconstitutional.

The 8 to 1 ruling came in the case of Abington School District v. Schempp which challenged Bible reading over the school intercom as a violation of rights under the FIRST AMENDMENT* to the United States Constitution.

*The 1st Amendment's "Establishment Clause" reads...
"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion."  

Supreme Court decisions of 1962 and 1963 rejected arguments that the 1st Amendment was meant to forbid only governmental preference of one faith.



 United States Supreme Court Building
                    Washington, D.C.
          Photo by John White (2011)

Edward Schempp, a Unitarian Universalist living in Abington, Pennsylvania, filed a lawsuit in District Court claiming a Pennsylvania state law requiring his child to hear and read parts of the Bible in public school violated his 1st Amendment rights.

The District Court ruled in favor of Schempp but the Abington School District filed an appeal.  In the end, the United States Supreme Court upheld the decision of the lower court.

Justice Tom Clark** wrote in regard to religious freedom...

"It has long been recognized that government must be neutral and while protecting all, must prefer none and disparage none."



Justice Tom C. Clark
Photo by Frank Wolfe (1967)
LBJ Library

**Thomas C. Clark (1899-1977) was born in Dallas, Texas and graduated from the University of Texas School of Law in 1922.  He served as US Attorney General from 1945 to 1949 and Associate Supreme Court Judge from 1949 to 1967.

Justice Clark was appointed to the high court by President Truman who later regretted his action.  Truman called it "my biggest mistake."  He was upset that Clark had voted to strike down his seizure of steel mills during a strike in 1952.

Justice Clark resigned from the Court in 1967 when LBJ appointed his son, Ramsey Clark, Attorney General.

The only dissenting vote in Abington v. Schempp came from Justice Potter Stewart*** who wrote...

"If religious exercises are held to be an impermissible activity in schools, religion is placed in an artificial and state-created disadvantage...and refusal to permit religious exercises thus is seen...as the establishment of a religion of secularism."

***Potter Stewart (1915-1985), appointed by President Eisenhower, served as associate judge of the Supreme Court from 1958 to 1981.  He was born in Jackson, Michigan and was a graduate of Yale University (1937) and Yale Law School (1941).  He served in WWII.  Justice Stewart is buried in Arlington National Cemetery.



                        Justice Potter Stewart
                United States Supreme Court
             Library of Congress Image (1976)

The Rev. Billy Graham agreed with Justice Stewart and disagreed with the majority opinion of the court.  He said...

"80% of the American people want Bible reading and prayer in the schools.  Why should a majority be so severely penalized?"

The 1963 Supreme Court decision followed a decision in 1962 in the case of Engel v. Vitale where the Court ruled that...

"It is no part of the official business of government to compose official prayers for any group of American people to recite."

Justice Potter had also dissented in that decision.


President Kennedy's View on the 1962 Supreme Court Decision on Prayer in Schools

In response to the 1962 Supreme Court ruling in Engel v. Vitale that prayer in schools is unconstitutional, President John F. Kennedy was asked the following question at his news conference of June 27, 1962:

In the furor over the Supreme Court decision on prayer in schools....can you give us your opinion?

The President responded:

"I think...that we support Supreme Court decisions even when we may not agree with them.  In addition, we have....a very easy remedy, and that is to pray a good deal more at home....and....make the true meaning of prayer much more important in the lives of all of our children."




JFK+50 NOTE

In his July and August 1963 press conferences in the aftermath of the Abington v. Schempp decision, President Kennedy made no comment about the decision nor was he asked to do so by the press.