"FOUND WANDERING AIMLESSLY IN A DAZED CONDITION"

22 YEAR-OLD SON OF TR'S UNCLE DIES IN NEW YORK CITY HOSPITAL

New York City (JFK+50) On April 1, 1922, Robert B. Roosevelt, Jr., a 22 year old relative of former POTUS Theodore Roosevelt, died in a hospital here in New York City.

The young man had been found the previous evening "wandering aimlessly" on the street "in a dazed condition with lacerations on the body and head."  Authorities suspect he may have been injured in an automobile accident.

Robert B. Roosevelt, Jr. died at 9 o'clock.  His father Robert B. Roosevelt, Sr.*, who died in 1906, was Teddy Roosevelt's uncle.

*Robert Barnhill Roosevelt (1829-1906) was born in New York, studied law & was admitted to the NY State Bar in 1850.  RBR served in the US House of Representatives 1871-1873 & as US ambassador to the Netherlands 1888-1889.

SOURCES

"AFS Roots:  The Father of All the Fishes," by Brian Murphy, Researchgate, www.researchgate.net/

Roosevelt Kin Dies In Hospital," The Washington Times, Final Edition, April 1, 1922, Chronicling America, Library of Congress, www.loc.gov

 

 

Honorable R.B. Roosevelt, Sr.

Photo by Matthew Benjamin Brady/

Levin Corbin Handy

Library of Congress

 

AMERICA SHOULD BE FIRST, PERIOD!

AMERICA PUTS A MAN INTO SPACE

Kennedy Space Center, Florida (JFK+50) Astronaut Alan B. Shepard, Jr.* was launched aboard his Freedom 7 spacecraft from the National Aeronautics Launch Complex Five at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station on May 5, 1961. Commander Shepard became the first American to fly in space.

Shepard, launched atop a REDSTONE ROCKET, completed a suborbital flight lasting fifteen minutes.   His spacecraft traveled 116 miles into the Earth's atmosphere.

On the 50th anniversary of the flight, Kennedy Space Center Director Bob Cabana said...

"The flight of Freedom 7 boosted spirits throughout the country at a time when the U.S. appeared to be faltering in the quest for a viable space program."

The Soviet Union had beaten the USA into space by successfully sending into orbit cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin on April 12, 1961.  President John F. Kennedy was determined that his country would pull ahead of the Russians. He said...

"America should not be first if, first but, first when, but first PERIOD!" 


*Alan B. Shepard, Jr. (1923-1998) was born in Derry, NH to Lt. Col. ABS Sr. and Renza Shepard.  He graduated from the US Naval Academy in 1944 and served in WWII.  Afterwards he earned his Naval Aviator wings.

Shepard graduated from the Naval War College in Newport, RI in 1957.  After his selection for the Man in Space program he was chosen to be the 1st American to go into space.

SOURCE

"NASA, Space Community Remembers 'Freedom 7," May 5, 2011, www.nasa.gov/

JFK Pins Medal on Alan Shepard

 NASA Photo (May 8, 1961)

THE WORLD HURTLING TOWARD A NUCLEAR CONFLICT

FIRST SOVIET SHIP STOPPED AT BLOCKADE LINE OFF CUBAN COAST

Washington, D.C. (JFK+50) Fifty-five years ago, October 26, 1962, Marucia, a Lebanese freighter chartered by the Soviet Union, was the first ship to be stopped and searched at the Cuban blockade line by the United States Navy.

Although having declared only  a cargo of paper, sulfur and spare truck parts, the USS Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr.*, a destroyer named for President John F. Kennedy's brother who was killed in World War II, stopped and searched the Soviet leased vessel manned by a Greek crew.

White House Press Secretary Pierre Salinger issued a statement saying the Soviets were "rapidly continuing their construction of missile support and launch facilities."

Michael Dobbs writes that JFK said on October 25...

"We've got to prove sooner or later that the blockade works" and added that the selection of the Marucla as the first ship to stop was because it was almost certain not to contain missiles.

"The stage was set for...'the worst day' of the crisis known as 'Black Saturday.'  Events were about to accelerate dramatically.  The world was hurtling toward a nuclear conflict."

*USS Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr. (DD-850) is the last surviving destroyer built in Massachusetts & the only ship to stop & board a Soviet chartered vessel during the Cuban Missile Crisis.


SOURCES

"'Let Us Begin Anew', An Oral History of the Kennedy Presidency, " by Gerald S. and Deborah H. Strober, Harper Collins Publishers, New York, 1993.

"One Minute to Midnight: Kennedy, Khrushchev and Castro on the Brink of Nuclear War," Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 2008.

"U.S.S. Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr.," www.ussjpkennedy.org/

Kennedys Watch America's Cup Race
From the USS Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr.
September 15, 1962
Photo by Robert Knudsen
NARA Image

JACK IS PERFECTLY CAPABLE TO DO EVERYTHING

JFK+50:  Volume 7, No. 2381

JOE JUNIOR WAS AMBASSADOR KENNEDY'S FIRST CHOICE

Hull, Massachusetts (JFK+50) 102 years ago today, July 25, 1915, the first child of Mr. and Mrs. Joseph P. Kennedy was born in Nantasket, Massachusetts.  The Kennedys were spending the summer in a rented cottage on Atlantic Avenue.

The baby boy, delivered by Dr. Frederick Good, was named Joseph Patrick Kennedy, Jr.*  Will Swift writes in "The Kennedys, Amidst the Gathering Storm,"

"It was Joe Jr. who his father had anointed to become president.  He would spend a year in London as his father's political aide at the embassy and would go on fact-finding trips throughout Europe."

All the hopes for his first son were dashed on August 12, 1944 when Joe Jr. was killed when his Liberator exploded over the English Channel.   After an extended period of mourning, the Ambassador transferred his hopes for the presidency to his second son, John F. Kennedy.

Ironically, Joe Jr. had written in a letter to his father...

"As far as the family is concerned, it seems that Jack is perfectly capable to do everything, if by chance anything happened to me."

In 1945, As We Remember Joe**, a book of remembrances for Kennedy family, friends and associates, was published.  The book included a forward by brother Jack along with his essay titled "My Brother Joe."

*Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr. (1915-1944) graduated from Harvard in 1938.  He studied at the London School of Economics and was a delegate to the 1940 Democratic Convention.  Joe joined the US Navy earning his wings as a naval aviator in May 1942.  He completed 25 combat missions before volunteering for the one that took his life.

**As We Remember Joe (1945) is described at www.buddenbrooks.com/ as "scarce and one of the most difficult to obtain JFK related books."  It is estimated that there were a total of 360 copies printed.  The price is $1850. 

SOURCES

"Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr.," John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.

"The Kennedys:  Amidst The Gathering Storm, A Thousand Days in London 1938-1940," by Will Swift, Smithsonian Books, 2008.

As We Remember Joe

University Press

Cambridge, MA (1945)

www.buddenbrooks.com

      

DANGEROUS FOES OF THE HIGHEST NATIONAL INTEREST

JFK+50:  Volume 7, No. 2282

WILSON PREPARED TO BRAND OPPONENTS OF DRAFT AS DANGEROUS FOES OF THE NATIONAL INTEREST

Washington, D.C.  (JFK+50) One hundred years ago this afternoon, April 17, 1917, President Woodrow Wilson summoned S. Hubert Dent, Jr.* (D) Alabama, Chairman of the House Military Affairs Committee to the White House to "read him the riot act" concerning opposition to providing the nation "an adequate army" based on universal service.

Chairman Dent had proposed legislation to establish a Selective Service System to conduct a draft for military service but also required the President to first attempt to raise an all volunteer army.  The proposal passed Dent's committee by a vote of 13-8.  A floor vote was scheduled for April 18, 1917.

President Wilson let it be known that he would give the Democrats opposing his call for the adoption of selective conscription "one more chance to get in line" or else he would brand them publicly "as dangerous foes of the highest interests of the nation."

The President also met with Minority Leader James R. Mann.  Within three weeks time, the House turned on the issue and favored Wilson's call for the military draft.

*Stanley Hubert Dent, Jr. (1869-1938) was born in Eufaula, Alabama & graduated from Southern University in 1886 & the University of Virginia School of Law in 1889.

SHD served as United States Congressman representing Alabama's 2nd District from 1909 to 1921.

SOURCES

"Reconciliation and Revival:  James R. Mann and the House Republicans in the Wilson Era," by Herbert F. Margulies, Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., Westport, CT, 1996.

"Wilson Cracks Whip As Draft Bill Is Balked, Hangs Dire Threat Over Obstructionists of House Body" by Arthur Sears Henning, The Chicago Daily Tribune, April 18, 1917, www.archives.chicagotribune.com/

Uncle Sam Poster of 1917

by James Montgomery Flagg
Library of Congress Image

SOVIET SURVEILLANCE A FACT OF LIFE BEHIND IRON CURTAIN

JFK+50:  Volume 6, No. 1961

CABOT LODGE CLAIMED SOVIETS WERE BUGGING US EMBASSY IN MOSCOW 

New York City (JFK+50) Fifty-six years ago today, May 26, 1960 United Nations Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.,* speaking before the Security Council at the U.N.,charged the Soviets with placing surveillance devices at the United States Embassy in Moscow.

The charge by the U.S. ambassador was intended to counter Soviet complaints about U-2 flights by the United States over Russian territory.

Henry Cabot Lodge held a wooden reproduction of the Great Seal of the United States in which he claimed was found a hidden microphone transmitter.
Lodge went on to say that more than a hundred such devices were found at the embassy.

According to Peter Grier, writing in Air Force Magazine, by the 1970s "Soviet surveillance was simply a fact of life for U.S. diplomats behind the Iron Curtain."

In 1979, a new U.S. Embassy building was begun in Moscow but by 1985 construction was stopped.  Once again, American officials found evidence of espionage.  After years of denial, the Soviets came clean in December 1991 and presented then U.S. Ambassador Robert Strauss with a file containing information on how the Embassy had been bugged as well as the "instruments that had been used."

Taking twenty-seven years to complete, the United States Embassy opened in Moscow in the year 2000.

*Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. (1902-1985) was born in Nahant, MA, the grandson of US Senator Henry Cabot Lodge.  He graduated cum laude from Harvard in 1924 & was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1933  and the US Senate in 1936.

HCL, Jr. served with distinction in the US Army during WWII then returned to the Senate after the war.  After he was narrowly defeated in an upset victory for JFK in 1952, Mr. Lodge served as UN Ambassador.

Lodge ran as Nixon's Vice-Presidential nominee in 1960 only to lose to the Kennedy-Johnson ticket.

SOURCE

"Cleaning the Bug House," by Peter Grier, Air Force Magazine, September 2012, www.airforcemag.com/

US New Embassy Building

Moscow

November 20, 2006

Photo by Pars

Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.

Cabinet Room, The White House

 LBJ Library Photo (1968)

TROOPS ORDERED TO KOREA

TRUMAN ORDERED US FORCES TO SOUTH KOREA 65 YEARS AGO 

Washington, D.C. (JFK+50) Sixty-five years ago today, June 27, 1950, President Harry S Truman signed an order directing American naval and air forces to  be sent to South Korea.

The President's order came two days after North Korean troops invaded South Korea.   President Truman said this action was necessary to enforce the resolution of the United Nations Security Council calling for an end to the hostilities in Korea.

President Truman said...

"The attack upon Korea makes it plain...that Communism will use armed invasion & war."

According to the New York Times, the President also increased the number of American forces in the Philippines and increased military assistance to French and Vietnam forces fighting against the communists in Southeast Asia.

Ambassador Alan G. Kirk was also dispatched to Moscow to ask the Soviets to help bring an end to the hostilities in Korea.  The Times reported that the Pentagon was instructed by President Truman "to fight only below the 38th Parallel.".

The action by President Truman met with universal support from the Congress and the American people.

SOURCE

"Truman Orders U.S. Air, Navy Units to Fight In Aid of Korea; U.N. Council Supports Him; Our Fliers in Action, Fleet Guards Formosa," by Anthony Leviero, The New York Times, June 28, 1950, On This Day, The New York Times Company, www.nytimes.com/

Korean War Memorial

Washington, D.C.

July 19, 2003

Photo by John White

JFK APPOINTS HENRY CABOT LODGE, JR. AMBASSADOR TO SOUTH VIETNAM

Washington, D.C. (JFK+50) Fifty-two years ago today, June 27, 1963, Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. was appointed United States ambassador to South Vietnam by President John F. Kennedy.

Lodge, who replaced Frederick E. Nolting, also defeated by John F. Kennedy in his bid to be re-elected to the United States Senate from Massachusetts in 1952.

Lodge would serve as ambassador until June 1964 when he resigned to make a bid for the Republican Presidential nomination. HCL later returned to South Vietnam for a 2 year term as ambassador.

Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.

THAT SPECIAL GRACE: A LAUGH WITH LOVE

A LAUGH WITH LOVE

Washington, D.C. (JFK+50) Today we conclude our review of Benjamin C. Bradlee's* article "He Had That Special Grace" from Newsweek's Special Section in its issue dated December 2, 1963.

The section of Mr. Bradlee's article that we will discuss today is titled A Laugh With Love.

Bradlee writes...

"John Kennedy reveled in love for the Irish patrimony that he had left so far behind.  He laughed with love at the roguery of his grandfather, Honey Fitz, and his trip to Ireland was a pilgrimage to that love."

John F. Kennedy was the first President of the United States of Irish descent. As Ben Bradley says, JFK loved that Irish heritage, was proud of it, and the Irish, both in America and in Ireland and around the world, were proud of him.

Mr. Bradlee continues...

"He loved his brothers and sisters with a tribal love.  All Kennedys were born gregarious, but under siege it could be the Kennedys against the world."

This surely was the absolute truth.  While Ambassador Joseph P. Kennedy brought his children up to be competitive with each other, he also instilled in them the importance of supporting each other in dealings with those outside the Kennedy clan.

JFK's mother, Rose, enjoyed telling the story of how when Joe Junior and Jack, as young men, began to differ with their father's political views,  Joe Senior remarked that he didn't mind this behavior as long as they supported each other.

"John Kennedy loved his children with a light that lit up his world.  He discovered his daughter when election brought them finally under the same roof, and he delighted in her pride and in her performance.

His heart leapt up when he saw his son, careening through life as if there were no tomorrow, and he lit up the hearts of all who saw them enjoy each other."

JFK was the youngest elected president, and he and Jacqueline brought to the White House the youngest children to live there since Theodore and Edith Roosevelt's day.

Magazines of the early 60s, such as Life and Look, adorned their covers with photographs of Caroline and John John.  It would be hard to find so many magazine covers of other presidential offspring.

Mr. Bradlee adds...

"And John Kennedy loved his wife, who served him so well.  Their life together began as it ended--in a hospital--and through sickness and loneliness there grew the special love that lights up the soul of the lover and the loved alike."

Today we know all too well the trials and tribulations of the Kennedy marriage, but we also know that Ben Bradlee's statement is true.

The last sentence in He Had That Special Grace also was and is the truth.  It was so hard to accept more than 50 years ago.  It is so hard to accept now.

"John Kennedy is dead, and for that we are lesser people in a lesser land."

The Bradlees and The Kennedys

Newport Country Club

Photo by Robert Knudsen

JFK Library Image

SOURCE

"He Had That Special Grace...," by Benjamin Bradlee, Newsweek Magazine, December 2, 1963.

Benjamin C. Bradlee

by Miguel Ariel Contreras

Drake-McLaughlin

www.Flickr.com

Assassination Attempt on Reagan

ATTEMPT ON LIFE OF PRESIDENT REAGAN 33 YEARS AGO TODAY

Washington, D.C. (JFK+50) Thirty three years ago today, March 30, 1981, Ronald Wilson Reagan was shot as he left a speaking engagement at the Hilton Hotel here in the Nation's Capital.

The President and three others were shot by John Hinckley, Jr.* who was immediately taken into custody.  

The assassination attempt, which came just 69 days into Mr. Reagan's first term, took place at 2:27 p.m. Eastern time as the president, accompanied by aides and Secret Service agents, exited the hotel.

Reagan Waves Just Before Shooting

Reagan Library Photo

Six shots were fired from a Rohm RG-14 .22 caliber pistol.

Special Agent Jerry Parr of the United States Secret Service pushed Reagan into the back of the Presidential car in an attempt to get him out of the line of fire while Special Agent Timothy McCarthy, placing his body in front of the President, took a bullet in the abdomen.

Parr Pushes Reagan Into Limo

The other victims included James Brady, Reagan's Press Secretary and Special Agent Thomas Delahanty.

Aftermath of Shooting

Washington Hilton Hotel

March 30, 1981

www.reagan.utexas.edu/

President Reagan was taken to nearby George Washington University Hospital.

After getting out of his car, the President's legs became wobbly and he was taken into the hospital where he was attended by a surgical team headed by Dr. Joseph Giordano.

Mr. Reagan, who had been given 4.5 units of blood, was wheeled into surgery at 3:24 p.m.

Although groggy, President Reagan was able to say to the doctors...

 "I hope you are all Republicans".

Dr. Giordano, a self-described "old fashioned liberal Democrat" replied...

"Today, Mr. President, we are all Republicans."

George Washington University Marker

Washington, D.C.

Photo by John White (2011)

Reagan, who would become known as "The Great Communicator," was also able to paraphrase movie comedian W.C. Fields'...

"All in all, I'd rather be in Philadelphia."

During a very tense surgery, doctors located a bullet in Mr. Reagan's lung just an inch from his heart. 

Thanks to the quick action by the Secret Service and the talent and training of the medical staff at George Washington University, President Reagan recovered.

Mrs. Reagan with the President 

In his book "Reagan's America: Innocents at Home," Garry Wills writes...

"The grace and humor Reagan showed after the attempt to assassinate him...added a mythical quality to his leadership, revealing his character in a way that made it almost impossible to dislike him."

Ronald Reagan was the 1st president to survive being shot in an assassination attempt. 

Mr. Reagan was hit by the sixth bullet which ricocheted off the side of the armored vehicle and entered under the left arm.

The bullet grazed a rib and lodged in a lung.

President Reagan was able to return to the Oval Office on April 25, 1981, but James Brady, who suffered a serious head injury, was left permanently disabled. 

Agent Delahanty was forced to retire due to his wound.

John Hinckley was found not guilty by reason of insanity on June 1, 1992.

The motivation for the crime was determined to be Hinkley's fanatical obsession with actress Jodie Foster.

John Hinckley, Jr. Mugshot

March 30, 1981

FBI Photo

*John Warnock Hinckley, Jr. was born on May 29, 1955 in Ardmore, Oklahoma.  He grew up in Dallas, Texas and attended Texas Tech University.  

Hinckley developed an obsession with actress Jodie Foster after seeing her 1976 film Taxi Driver.  This led to an effort to impress her.

After collecting information about the JFK assassination, he directed his evil attentions to President Reagan.

SOURCE

"Ronald Reagan:  Grace Under the Scalpel, the Great Communicator Strikes Again," by David Emery, www.urbanlegends.about.com/

TYLER ESCAPES DEATH

PRESIDENT TYLER'S NARROW ESCAPE 170 YEARS AGO TODAY

Washington, D.C. (JFK+50) President John Tyler, cruising on the Potomac aboard the USS Princeton, was fortunate to escape death 170 years ago today, February 28, 1844,  when a 12 inch, 27,000 pound cannon, known as The Peacemaker, exploded sending shrapnel in all directions.

Explosion on the USS Princeton

February 28, 1844

The President, who was half way up a ladder leading to the upper deck when the explosion occurred, was unhurt.

There were about 400 people on board at the time of the accident including former 1st Lady Dolley Madison.

The cannon had been fired twice, previous to the blast, without incident.

The explosion killed several persons including members of the President's cabinet and the father of his fiancee.

President John Tyler's 1st wife, Latitia, had died and he was courting 23 year old, Julia Gardiner.  

They would be married on June 26, 1844.

Julia Gardiner Tyler

ARTHUR SCHLESINGER, JR. DIED 7 YEARS AGO 

New York City (JFK+50) Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., former Special Assistant to President John F. Kennedy, died seven years ago today, February 28, 2007, of natural causes at the age of 89 here in New York City.

Mr. Schlesinger joined JFK's presidential campaign in 1960 as a speech writer.

Born on October 15, 1917 in Columbus, Ohio, Schlesinger graduated from Harvard University, where he would later serve as a professor, and won the Pulitzer Prize in 1945 for his book The Age of Jackson.

He won another Pulitzer for his memoir of the Kennedy White House entitled: A Thousand Days.*

JFK speech writer, Theodore Sorenson, wrote this tribute to Schlesinger in 2007:

"Arthur played many roles in the Kennedy White House:  a counselor who advised, in vain, against the Bay of Pigs, a bridge to the American intellectual & academic community....& to the rising young leaders in the 3rd world & Europe." 

Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. wrote in his introduction to A Thousand Days:

"(President Kennedy) offered young people the faith that individuals can make a difference to history.  The Kennedy generation brought new ideas, hopes, vision, generosity & vitality to the national life."

JFK loved history and had a special affection for Mr. Schlesinger who wrote:

"If we are to survive, we must have ideas, vision & courage.  These things are rarely produced by committees.  Everything that matters in our intellectual and moral life begins with an individual confronting his own mind and conscience in a room by himself."*

*Personal note:

I was honored to attend a speech given by Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. at the University of Tennessee in Knoxville. 

Special Assistant Arthur Schlesinger

Courtesy of the JFK Library, Boston

LINCOLN BORN 205 YEARS AGO

LINCOLN BORN 205 YEARS AGO TODAY

Hodgenville, Kentucky (JFK+50) The sixteenth President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln, was born in a log cabin here in Hodgenville 205 years ago today, February 12, 1809.

Dr. James I. Robertson, Jr.,* a history professor at Virginia Tech University, often began his lecture on Lincoln with some of the outlandish comments made about our 16th president. 

Here is my favorite.

"Abraham Lincoln was born in a log cabin that he built with his own hands."

Lincoln was born in a log cabin located on Sinking Spring Farm on Nolin Creek near Hodgenville.

His parents were Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks Lincoln who married on June 12, 1806.  

Abraham was the 1st son and 2nd child following sister Sarah.

A third Lincoln child, Thomas, died in infancy.

The Lincoln farm, a few miles south of Hodgen's Mill, was purchased for $200.

While the Lincolns are often described as poor, their economic status was in line with most of their neighbors.

               "The Symbolic Log Cabin"
                      Abraham Lincoln
        National Birthplace Historic Site
                 Hodgenville, Kentucky
                             NPS Photo

If you visit the Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Historic Site, you will see the "Symbolic Log Cabin" in which Lincoln was born.

The log cabin is located in a memorial building for which Theodore Roosevelt laid the cornerstone in 1909 and which William Howard Taft dedicated in 1911.

Lincoln Birthplace Memorial

Hodgenville, Kentucky

Photo by Jamie (2008)

The log cabin inside, however, was not always deemed "symbolic."  In fact, it was thought to be made out of original logs that had been part of the actual cabin in which Lincoln was born.

According to Richard West Sellars, the logs have been traced to a cabin from a nearby farm that was purchased in the 1890s by Alfred Dennett.

At the turn of the century, the logs were stored on Long Island and were eventually purchased by the Lincoln Farm Association to construct the cabin at the Lincoln birthplace in Kentucky.

The LFA did not know, however, that these particular logs were not part of the original Lincoln cabin.

In 2004, the NPS sponsored a tree ring analysis by experts at the University of Tennessee.  The results proved that the "Lincoln Logs" date back only as far as 1848.

The NPS, thus, identifies the log cabin as "symbolic" and most sources describe it as a replica.

*Dr. James I. "Bud" Robertson, Jr. was born in Danville, Virginia in 1930.  He earned his degrees at Randolph-Macon College and Emory University.  

Dr. Robertson, the author of 18 books and winner of 8 national awards, worked on the planning of JFK's funeral in November 1963.  He also served as the Executive Director of the Civil War Centennial Commission.

Dr. James I. Robertson

Lexington, Virginia

Photo by Hal Jespersen, 2007

SOURCES

http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/

"The Guide to Lincoln Trail," Souvenir Edition, News Publications Inc, Springfield, Illinois, 1970.

"The World Book Encyclopedia," Field Enterprises Educational Corporation, Chicago, 1967.